Transformer (single and three phases): Working principle, construction and cooling, equivalent circuit, vector diagram, voltage regulation, efficiency losses, parallel operation, ideal transformer - transformation ratio, no-load and load vector diagrams; actual transformer - equivalent circuit, short circuit and open circuit tests, three phase transformers, parallel operation.
DC generator: Principle of DC generators, Different types of winding types, no-load voltage characteristics, build-up of a self-excited shunt generator, Armature reaction, critical field resistance, load-voltage characteristic, effect of speed on no-load and load characteristics and voltage regulation. DC motor: Principle of operation, classification, losses and efficiency, starting, separately excited DC motor, permanent magnet DC motor, Two and four quadrant operation of DC motors, speed control of DC motor, Applications of DC motor.